Mbappe's brace took his tally for the tournament to six, matching the Argentinian superstar, while Bradley Barcola also got on the scoresheet on a Tuesday night (Wednesday AEST) that underlined their status as favourites to clinch their third World Cup crown.
But for some errant finishing and a strong performance from Swedish goalkeeper Jacob Widell Zetterstrom, France might have more than doubled their margin of victory as they denied Graham Potter's men any hope of causing an upset.
Ultimately it was the brilliance of Mbappe that provided the most memorable aspects of a dazzling display from Didier Deschamps' men, who will now progress to meet surprise package Paraguay in Philadelphia.
Having scraped through to the knockout stages after finishing third in Group F, Sweden clung on through most of a torrid first half in which a combination of fine saves and the woodwork saved their blushes.
Mbappe thought he had opened the scoring just past the quarter-hour mark when he fired home only to be pulled back for the most marginal of offsides, Adrien Rabiot forced a fine save from a tight angle, then Mbappe drove a shot against the post that eventually rebounded into the keeper's arms.
A stunning overhead effort from Michael Olise struck the base of the post and Ousmane Dembele lashed the follow-up wide, before Mbappe finally broke the deadlock with a beautiful curling finish on the stroke of halftime.
Mbappe ran straight to celebrate with Deschamps, who returned to prepare his side for their first game in the knockout stages after missing their final group game with Norway due to the death of his mother.
Sweden missed a glorious chance to pull immediately level as Anthony Elanga did well to fire in a low cross which was played back for Elliot Stroud to blaze high and wide.
France duly doubled their lead within seven minutes of the restart as Olise drove at the Swedish defence and played a ball through Victor Lindelof's legs to Barcola, who duly did the rest by rocketing the ball past the helpless Swedish keeper.
But for a half-chance that fell to Alexander Isak, Sweden were simply nowhere, and after Olise came close with two chances, the third duly arrived in delicious fashion when Mbappe played a superb one-two with the Bayern Munich star before lofting his second into the roof of the net.
Mbappe was substituted with six minutes remaining and Sweden should have at least grabbed a late consolation when Viktor Gyokeres fired their best chance of the match straight at France keeper Mike Maignan.
